The unknotted strand of life

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No one had checked before, but RNA, the nucleic acid involved in many cell functions including protein synthesis, appears to be the only “strand of life” not to have knots.Over the years, advances in structural biology have firmly established that both proteins and DNA, although subject to evolutionary selection, do not escape the statistical law whereby a sufficiently long and compacted molecular strand will inevitably be entangled. However, no one to date had looked into the case of RNA.

Pictured is a computer-generated RNA structure tied in a trefoil knot. C. Micheletti et al. screened the several thousand RNA chains in the Protein Data Bank for the presence of knots. Only three knotted instances were found, though their comparison with higher resolution homologs indicates that their knotted state is likely artifactual. The practical absence of physical knots in known RNA chains contrasts with the documented incidence of knots in other biomolecules (proteins and viral DNA) and suggests that thermodynamic or kinetic mechanisms may be at play for minimizing the entanglement of naturally-occurring structured RNAs.

Using the structural description provided for approximately 6,000 RNA chains entered in the Protein Data Bank, a public database that allows scientists to share information about the structure of proteins, DNA and RNA, Cristian Micheletti and Marco Di Stefano from SISSA, and Henri Orland from CEA in Saclay set out on a search for knots.

“We expected this long flexible molecule to behave like the others – DNA and proteins – forming knots with a certain frequency”, explains Micheletti. “Instead we were in for a surprise: out of 6,000 known structures only three cases showed ‘suspected’ knots”.

Suspected, because the three cases could in fact be artefacts. “The database contains multiple descriptions of the same molecule entered by separate research groups using different experimental techniques with varying resolution. Comparing the alternative descriptions of our ‘knotted RNA’ candidates we found no instances of knots. That the three cases may be artefacts is further confirmed by the fact that in all three instances the alternative, unknotted, descriptions were based on the most accurate technique, i.e., x-ray crystallography”.

Naturally occurring RNA is therefore a type of molecule that tends to take on particularly simple geometric configurations. “Computer predictions demonstrate that if we were to re-arrange naturally occurring RNA sequences randomly we would obtain far more entangled and complex structures”, explains Micheletti. “The underlying reasons for this disarming simplicity are probably manifold”, continues Di Stefano. “It is plausible that the chemical composition of naturally occurring RNAs evolved to ensure reliable and rapid folding into simple, faithfully reproducible forms allowing smooth processing by the molecular machinery that decodes them to synthesise proteins. Any knots would negatively influence the process”. Now further investigations are needed to better understand the anti-knot properties of RNA.

Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided by International School of Advanced Studies (SISSA).